What Would Jimmy Do?

I got distracted and didn’t really “finish” the previous entry about fortune cookies, so welcome to part 2 of the fortune cookie saga….
I mentioned earlier that the fortune cookie traces back more to Japan than China, and some of my extensive research found that as far back as the 1870s, some confectionary shops near Kyoto, Japan sold a cracker with the same folded shape and a fortune tucked into the bend, instead of its hollow inside. It was called “tsujiura senbei” or “fortune cracker.” The Japanese cracker was larger and darker, made with sesame and miso instead of the vanilla and butter used to flavor fortune cookies in todays Chinese restaurants, at least those in America. Supposedly these crackers/cookies were still being sold at a generations-old family bakery near the Shinto shrine just outside of Kyoto in the late 1990s.

Some believe the fortune cookie likely arrived in the United States along with Japanese immigrants who came to Hawaii and California between the 1880s and early 1900s. (Most immigrated during that period as as result of the Chinese Exclusion Act that removed many Chinese workers and left a demand for cheap labor.) Japanese bakers set up shop in places such as Los Angles and San Francisco and made miso and sesame-flavored “fortune cookie” crackers, among other items.

I mentioned in part 1 the “trial” held in San Francisco to determine the true origin of the fortune cookie. Some of the legendary histories presented at the trial are interesting….

One story goes that the Chinese immigrant, David Jung, who founded the Hong Kong Noodle Company while living in Los Angeles, invented the cookie in 1918. Concerned about the poor people he saw wandering near his shop, he created the cookie and passed them out free on the streets. Each cookie contained a strip of paper with an inspirational Bible scripture on it, written for Jung by a presbyterian minister.

Another story claims a Japanese immigrant, Makoto Hagiwara, invented the fortune cookie in San Francisco. Hagiwara was a designer of the famous Japanese Tea Garden in Golden State Park. He was an avid gardener until an anti-Japanese mayor fired him from his job. Later, a new mayor did reinstate him. In 1914, to show his deep appreciation to friend who had stood by him during his time of hardship, Hagiwara made a cookie and placed a thank you note inside. After passing them out to those who had helped him, he began serving them regularly at the Japanese Tea Garden. In 1915, they were displayed at the Panama-Pacific Exhibition, at San Francisco’s world fair.

Another argument says that in the early 1900s a plan was hatched to transform San Francisco’s Chinatown from a ghetto into a cute tourist attraction. San Francisco’s Chinatown promised tourists a real Oriental experience. The city promoted their Chinese decorations, pageantry and architecture. Supposedly, increased tourism led to the invention of the fortune cookie to fill the void of a dessert item. A worker in San Francisco’s Kay Heong Noodle Factory invented a plain flat cookie. The plain flat cookie, while still warm, was folded around a little piece of paper on which a hand-written prediction or piece of Chinese wisdom would be found.

One of my favorite origin stories….During the 13th and 14th centuries, China was occupied by Mongols. The story goes that the Mongols had no taste for Lotus Nut Paste. So, the Chinese people hid sayings inscribed with the date of their revolution inside the Moon Cakes where the Yolk would typically reside. Under the disguise of a Taoist priest, Chu Yuan Chang, a patriotic revolutionary entered occupied walled cities to hand out Moon Cakes to other revolutionaries. These instructions coordinated the uprising that successfully allowed the Chinese people to form the basis of the Ming Dynasty. The Moon Festival became a regular celebration and part of that tradition was the passing out of cakes with saying inside them. 

One last argument to wind up this discussion is that the fortune cookie originated in Japan. A wood block image from 1878 shows what seems to be a Japanese street vendor selling fortune cookies. It is said that they can still be found in certain districts of Kyoto Japan, but are larger and darker than the fortune cookies we’re familiar with. They’re made with miso paste or sesame and have a savory flavor instead of the sweet, sugary fortune cookies available in the United States. The fortunes were never put inside the cookies — they were tucked into the fold of the fortune cookie on the outside. Many claim that this may be the earliest fortune cookie to appear in its now classic shape.

So it turns out that things like fortune cookies and takeout boxes aren’t related to Chinese culture, but if not invented here, were popularized in the United States. Wonton Food Inc., based in Queens, New York produces an estimated 4.5 million fortune cookies per day. In the early 1990s, Wonton tried to expand its business to China, but failed. Some Chinese were so unaware of the cookies and their purpose that they inadvertently ate the fortunes.

If all this doesn’t set the mood for Chinese New Year, I don’t know what will…..
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A couple of days ago, Claire brought home a box of fortune cookies — in preparation for our annual Chinese New Year celebration. I looked at the box and while just about everything we have in our house was made in China, the fortune cookies were not.

Well, since I don’t have anything better to do today and I know there is a lot of interest — and mis-information — surrounding fortune cookies, I thought that might be a good topic for today.

Often times when you go to a restaurant, when the check comes, the restaurants also give you a “treat,” like mints or maybe a small piece of chocolate. But in most Chinese restaurants — in the United States — you get a fortune cookie. Most people associate the fortune cookie with Chinese restaurants, and many/most believe they stem from Chinese culture. But — as you’ve probably already guessed, the fortune cookie is not a Chinese invention. Their origin can be traced back to 19th-century Japan and 20th-century America. 

As you might imagine with a controversial subject like fortune cookies, there are many theories and a lot of speculation surrounding its mysterious origin. Discussions about the cookie’s origin became so heated that in 1983 there was a mock trial held in San Francisco’s pseudo-legal Court of Historical Review to determine the origin(s) of the fortune cookie. There were at least five cases presented to prove the “origin” of the fortune cookie during the trial — but as far as I can tell, there was no clear winner.

One of the most often repeated origin stories of the American fortune cookie cites the Japanese Tea Garden in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park as the first known U.S. restaurant to serve the cookies. The Tea Garden sourced their cookies from a local bakery called Benkyodo, which claims to have pioneered the vanilla and butter flavoring and to have invented a machine, sometime around 1911, to mass-produce the cookies. But several other sources have also claimed to invent the cookie around the same time — including three Los Angeles-based immigrant run businesses: Fugetsu-Do Confectionary in the city’s Little Tokyo, Japanese snack manufacturer Umeya and the Hong Kong Noodle Company.

By all accounts, it appears that fortune cookies probably originated in Japanese bakeries. So how did they make the move to Chinese restaurants? Again, no one knows for sure, but there are a few theories….

Japanese immigrants to the U.S. around the turn of the 20th couldn’t/didn’t open Japanese restaurants because Americans didn’t want to eat raw fish. So, in many cases, they actually opened Chinese restaurants. And Americans expectation for dessert at the end of meals may explain why many of those restaurants began to offer fortune cookies.

When the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor and President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the relocation and internment of Japanese Americans, Japanese businesses began to close — including the bakeries that made fortune cookies. That opened the door for Chinese American entrepreneurs to produce and sell the cookies. 

So after World War II, fortune cookies became common in Chinese Restaurants. Some people like the taste of fortune cookies, some don’t, but just about everyone likes the fortunes. Some of the early fortunes featured Biblical sayings and quotes from Confucius, Aesop, Ben Franklin, etc. Later, fortunes included recommended lottery numbers, smiley faces, jokes and sage advice….
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Well here we are early into the new year and already faced with that unluckiest of days — Friday the 13th. This day is so bad that there are two terms — paraskavedekatriaphobia and friggatriskaidekaphobia — that describe fear of this unlucky day. The fear of Friday the 13th is officially called friggatriskaidekaphobia. Frigga refers to the Norse god for which Friday is named and triskaidekaphobia means fear of the number 13. An alternate term for the anxiety is paraskavedekatriaphobia. Originating from Greek, paraskevi means Friday, dekatria refers to “thirteen,” and phobia translates as “fear.”

Many people hold fast to the belief that Friday the 13th brings bad luck. My extensive research couldn’t come up with when this belief began, but “bad luck” superstitions have swirled around the number 13 for centuries.

Western cultures have historically associated the number 12 with completeness…. there are 12 days of Christmas, 12 months, 12 zodiac signs, 12 labors of Hercules, 12 gods of Olympus, 12 tribes of Israel, etc. But the number 13 has a long history of “bad luck.”

One group of superstitious people use the fact that the ancient Code of Hammurabi omitted a 13th law from its list of legal rules as “proof” of 13’s negative association. (The Code of Hammurabi was one of the earliest and most complete written legal codes and was proclaimed by the Babylonian King Hammurabi, who reigned from 1792 to 1750 B.C.)

Some people point to the Bible, citing that 13 guests attended the Last Supper — the seating arrangement at the Last Supper is believed to have given rise to the longstanding Christian superstition that having 13 guests at a table was a bad omen.
The Bible even supposedly supports the association of Friday with bad luck — Jesus was crucified on a Friday, Friday is also said to be the day Eve gave Adam the apple and the day Cain killed his brother, Abel.

In the late 19th century, a New Yorker, Captain Williams Fowler sought to remove the stigma surrounding the number 13 — and particularly the unwritten rule about not having 13 guest at a dinner table — by founding an exclusive society called the Thirteen Club. The group dined regularly on the 13th day of the month in room 13 of the Knickerbocker Cottage. Before sitting down for a 13-course dinner, members would pass beneath a ladder and a banner reading “Morituri te Salutamus,” Latin for “Those of us who are about to die salute you.”

But do bad things actually happen on Friday the 13th? One famous story is that on Friday, October 13th, 1307, officers of King Philip IV of France arrested hundreds of the Knights Templar, essentially wiping them out. Actually some knights were arrested on that date, but it had nothing to do with the superstition.

According to some estimates, the modern fear of Friday the 13th contributes to a routine loss of between $700 million and $900 million in revenue that would otherwise be gained on that day — all because most people don’t want to push their luck. You can fly cheaper on Friday the 13th, because most people don’t want to be in the air on that unlucky day. And stock prices tend to fall on Friday the 13th.
There will only be one more Friday the 13th this year…. in October.

So as far as I can tell, there’s no compelling evidence that anything historically bad ever actually occurred on a Friday the 13th that supports the superstition — there’s no need to fear the day, or to refrain from doing any of the normal things you’d otherwise do. But……
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The other day I heard the term “Ugly American.” Actually you don’t hear that phrase used so much anymore, but I remember throughout my younger life hearing it all the time. Having traveled over most of the world, I can certainly appreciate how it came to be and why it was, and is, used so often.

Years ago, several of us were Nicosia, Cyprus for a few weeks to install some equipment for the State Department. We stayed in a very nice hotel (I can’t remember the name) and it had very nice restaurant just off the lobby. We had breakfast there every morning and the staff became very familiar with our routine. We usually sat at the same table — a large round one off in one corner of the room. There were usually 4 to 6 of us that ate breakfast there every morning — the table could probably accommodate 8 or 9 people. 

The waiters knew that we all drank coffee, and after the first day or two, they just automatically poured everyone a cup coffee. After we’d been there a couple of weeks, we were joined by a fellow employee from Washington. He had brought a couple of things we needed to complete the installation, and he stayed a few days to help. He arrived one afternoon and I picked him up at the airport and checked him into the hotel. The next morning he came down for breakfast with us and the waiter poured everyone at the table a cup of coffee. The conversation around the table was mostly about what we hoped to accomplish the next couple of days. During the conversation, Ron (the new guy) waved to the waiter and and pointed to his coffee cup and said, “Arch-Harumph” (or something like that.) The waiter just looked at him with a puzzled look on his face. Then Rom pointed a little more vigorously and and spoke very loudly, “Aaarrgggghhh!” The waiter looked at me, and said, (in very good English) “What does he want? Another cup of coffee?”

Of course what made this even worse is that we were always briefed about each country we visited, so we wouldn’t be “ugly Americans.” The briefing about Cyprus was clear that the Cypriots had been very fluent in English for many years.
The world has changed a lot in the last 50 plus years, the ugly American — not so much…..
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A couple of days ago, we talked about Distaff Day — the day when women went back to work after the 12-day Christmas celebration. Well, men have their own way of celebrating the occasion of returning to work — called Plough Monday — the first Monday after Epiphany when men are supposed to get back to work. It didn’t happen this year, but every few years Distaff Day and Plough Monday fall on the same day.

Dating back to the fifteenth century, the first Monday after Epiphany marked the start of the agricultural season — when the fields were plowed for crops to be sown in the spring. But like Distaff Day, not much work was actually done on that first day. 

Basically, Plough Monday’s tradition is to trail a plough around local houses to collect money to pay for a community feast. Often the men from several farms joined together to pull the plough through all their villages. They sang and danced their way from village to village to the accompaniment of music. In the evening, each farmer provided a Plough Monday supper for his workers. 

Originally, if a person or household was unwilling to contribute to the “supper fund” then the ploughmen and ploughboys would turn their doorstep over with the plough or cut a deep furrow in front of their door. That practice has pretty much gone away today, but Plough Monday is still celebrated in some parts of England — I’m not sure it ever made it to the “colonies.” But you might want to look our your front door just to be sure….
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Monday night the College Football Playoff (CFP) game will be held at SoFi Stadium in Inglewood, California. It’s considered a bowl game to determine the national champion of college teams in NCAA Division I.

The game will feature the Number 1 ranked Georgia Bulldogs of the Southeastern Conference vs. the third ranked TCU Horned Frogs of the Big 12 Conference. Georgia is heavily favored, but TCU has been a surprise all year, so it could potentially be a good game. 

I’m not a big fan of either team, and generally, as a rule of thumb, don’t care much for any team from Texas, but if TCU wins, it will top an already impressive year. Just consider….
TCU is the first team in the College Football Playoff era to begin the season unranked and play for the national championship.
If TCU wins,they would become the second straight national champion that didn’t win their conference.
TCU would also be the first Big 12 team to win a CGP national championship.

As I said, the game will be the College Football Playoff (CFP) championship game — the CFP began in 2014 after it was decided that the BCS system was ineffective at selecting a national champion.
The game will be sponsored by AT&T and will be officially known as the College Football Playoff National Championship presented by AT&T.
So college football comes to an end Monday night and we can turn our attention to the Super Bowl.
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Even though I guess a lot of people don’t celebrate it, today is Distaff Day. 

A distaff is a wooden rod (staff) that holds flax or wool on a spinning wheel. The term distaff came to refer to both women’s work and the female branch (distaff side) of the family. Traditionally, Distaff Day marked the day when the women went back to spinning after the 12-day Christmas celebration.

Anyhow, even as today, it was hard to go back to work after the holidays and not much got done. The women’s husbands would mischievously try to set fire to the flax on their wives’ distaffs. The women would lie in wait and retaliate by dousing the husbands with buckets of water.

Distaff Day is also called Roc Day or Rock Day and is sometimes referred to as Saint Distaff’s Day. Recently some sewing and craft groups have taken up celebrating Distaff Day as part of their New Year celebrations.
So happy Distaff Day!!
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Two years ago today a crowd on the National Mall violently breached the U.S. Capitol with the intent of disrupting the formal ratification of the 2020 presidential election.

January 6, 2021 marked a grave crisis in American government, when a sitting President refused to transfer power peacefully and sought to actively overturn an election. This violent rebellion was the gravest assault on American democracy since the Civil War, and it came much closer to disrupting the peaceful transfer of power than we realized at the time.

One would think that the event would provide a lesson on the dangers of political polarization, but it seems to have just intensified our divisions — and a willingness to condone the use of violence.

The greatest weakness of the United States today isn’t its military power or economy, but the deep polarization present in American politics. I just read an article that indicated a significant number of Republicans believe that the Democratic Party represents a bigger threat to the American way of life than Russia.

If I read the news correctly, although our allies are generally relieved that Trump is no longer President, they remain extremely worried about the stability and effectiveness of American democracy.

Today, January 6, is a day we should all remember — it should be a day for national soul searching, not a day that strengthens partisan divisions. Someone said that a world without 9/11 and January 6 begins with a heart without hate. Enough said….
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Today is Epiphany, or the Feast of the Epiphany, or Theophany, or Three Kings’ Day. Epiphany is one of the three principle and oldest festival days of the Christian church — the other two being Easter and Christmas.

In Rome, by 354 Christ’s birth was being celebrated on December 25, and later in the 4th century the church in Rome began celebrating Epiphany on January 6. Today, in the Western church, Epiphany primarily commemorates the visit by the Magi to the infant Jesus, which is seen as evidence that Christ, the Jewish Messiah, came also for the salvation of Gentiles. In the Eastern church, it primarily commemorates the baptism of Jesus and celebrates the revelation that the incarnate Christ was both fully God and fully man.

The word epiphany isn’t totally a Christian term. The word comes from the Greek epiphaneia, meaning manifestation. Zeus’s alias was Epiphanes….

Today kind of marks the end of the Christmas season for a lot of people, but I’m pretty sure our Christmas trees will be around a while longer.
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In recent years, I’ve heard more about Twelfth Night celebrations. Growing up in Oklahoma, I never remember hearing the term and I honestly don’t remember much about the “Twelve Days of Christmas,” other than the song and I never understood the song when I was young.

But, anyway, today, or night, is the “Twelfth Night.” In the “olden” days, the festivities of Christmas lasted twelve days, which was, supposedly, the time it took the three wise men or kings to make their journey to Bethlehem.

The final evening (January 5) was called the Twelfth Night and marked the end of Christmas festivities. In ancient Celtic traditions, it marked the end of the 12-day winter solstice celebration. 
(On the church calendar, Twelfth Night is the evening before Epiphany (January 6) when the three wise men arrived in Bethlehem bearing gifts for the infant Jesus. Epiphany is also called Three Kings Day.)

In the old Twelfth Night celebrations it was customary for the assembled company to toast each other from the wassail bowl. You may have heard the carol/song “Here we come a-wassailing among the leaves so green.” 

So what exactly is wassailing?
Wassailing was once a major part of Christmas celebrations. The term wassail comes from the Anglo-Saxon phrase “waes hael” which means “good health.” It was a greeting to which one responded “drinc hael,” or “drink and good health.”

Somewhere along the line, this greeting morphed into a drinking salute and spread across England. So wassail was originally a greeting — not a drink. How did wassailing become a drink, or drinking activity? Actually, no one knows for sure…. one story is that in Anglo-Saxon times English farmers performed a ritual that became the forerunner to wassailing. During long winter months, they would gather in their orchards and pour cider over the leafless trees. Supposedly, the cider protected the trees from evil spirits, ensuring they produced an abundance of fruit at the next harvest. As England became a Christianized nation, farmers began “wassailing” on the Twelfth Night of Christmas, asking the infant Christ to bless the trees and grant them good fruit. 

Wassailing eventually became the practice of going door-to-door with bowls of wassail and singing. This tradition originated with peasants who would gather outside their lord’s house every winter. The lord would come out with a bowl of spiced wine and cry out, “wassail!!” The peasants would reply “drink hail,” and then proceed to the drinking. 

By the nineteenth century, wassailing became more of a domestic event… families would gather around the wassail bowl to toast the holiday season with Christmas cheer. 

So if you’re referring to wassail as a drink, what’s in it? Long ago, it was usually mulled wine, and that remained popular over the centuries. Eventually, it evolved to a punch or ale or cider, often spiked with rum or sherry. Wassail was traditionally served in massive bowls. The rich often had big silver basins that were brought out for the special occasion every year. 

I read that in England, there is a group planning the rival of wassailing — the group is called The Campaign for the Revival Of Wassailing (CROW.) They are passionate about reviving the tradition. The group says wassailing creates an atmosphere where we can make amends, end hostilities, forgive insults, heal wounds and let bygones be bygones. It creates an atmosphere where we can make new friends, especially between old and young and between the sexes. It creates a better working relationship and feelings of unity, of all being as one. 
This sounds like an organization I’d like to join — seems like something the world could use about now.
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